Pope Leo XIV: Leadership Style and Reforms in a New Papal Era

The white smoke has risen from the Sistine Chapel, signaling to the world that a new pontiff has been elected. What does it mean for the future of the Catholic Church that for the first time in history, an American will lead its 1.4 billion members worldwide? How might Robert Francis Prevost’s background-born in Chicago but having spent decades in Peru-shape his papacy? Will Pope Leo XIV continue the progressive reforms of Pope Francis, or will he chart a different course as the 267th leader of the world’s oldest continuously functioning institution? As Catholics and observers around the world contemplate these questions, a closer examination of the new pontiff’s background, experiences, and early statements provides intriguing clues about what may lie ahead.

From Chicago to the Vatican: The Remarkable Journey of Robert Francis Prevost

Robert Francis Prevost was born on September 14, 1955, in Chicago, Illinois, to Louis Marius Prevost, of French and Italian descent, and Mildred Martínez, of Spanish descent1. Raised in Dolton, a suburb bordering Chicago’s far South Side, young Robert grew up in St. Mary of the Assumption parish where he participated actively as an altar boy12. His family was deeply involved in parish life, with members serving as musicians, altar boys, and lectors3.

His educational journey began at St. Augustine Seminary High School, a minor seminary in Michigan, where he excelled academically, consistently appearing on the honor roll and serving as yearbook editor-in-chief12. His intellectual gifts were evident early on, as he pursued an unconventional path for future church leaders by earning a Bachelor of Science in Mathematics from Villanova University in 1977312.

That same year marked a pivotal moment in Prevost’s spiritual journey when he entered the novitiate of the Order of Saint Augustine (O.S.A.) in the Province of Our Lady of Good Counsel of Chicago1. After making his first profession in 1978 and his solemn vows in 1981, he was ordained a priest on June 19, 1982, in Rome1. During this formative period, he balanced his religious vocation with teaching, serving as a physics and math teacher at St. Rita of Cascia High School in Chicago while pursuing theological studies12.

Prevost’s intellectual pursuits continued with his doctoral studies in Canon Law at the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in Rome, where he defended his thesis on “The Role of the Local Prior in the Order of Saint Augustine” in 1987115.

A Life of Service Across Continents

What distinguishes Pope Leo XIV from many of his predecessors is his extensive missionary experience. In 1985, his superiors sent him to the Augustinian mission in Chulucanas, Piura, Peru, beginning a lifelong connection with Latin America1. He returned to Peru in 1988 for a decade-long mission, where he headed the Augustinian seminary in Trujillo, taught canon law, served as prefect of studies, and led a congregation on the city’s outskirts12.

This experience in Peru profoundly shaped Prevost’s worldview and pastoral approach. He immersed himself in the local culture to such an extent that he eventually acquired Peruvian citizenship in 20153. His multilingual abilities-he is fluent in English, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and French-reflect his global outlook and commitment to cross-cultural ministry3.

Prevost’s leadership abilities were recognized when he was elected provincial of the Order of St. Augustine’s Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel in 199812. His administrative skills and vision led to his election as Prior General of the Order of Saint Augustine in 2001, a position he held for two consecutive six-year terms until 201312. This experience leading a global religious order provided him with valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities of managing an international organization-skills that would serve him well in his future roles.

Rising Through the Ranks: The Path to the Papacy

Pope Francis appointed Prevost as apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Chiclayo, Peru, in 2014, and he was later named bishop of Chiclayo in 201512. During his episcopal tenure, he focused on addressing poverty and social issues in one of Peru’s most impoverished regions5.

His trajectory changed significantly in January 2023 when Pope Francis appointed him prefect of the Dicastery for Bishops, one of the most influential positions in the Vatican2. This role gave him oversight of the selection and appointment of bishops worldwide, significantly raising his profile within the Church hierarchy. Later that year, Francis created him a cardinal during the Consistory of September 30, 20231.

In February 2025, just months before the conclave that would elect him pope, Francis promoted him to the Order of Bishops, granting him the title of the Suburbicarian Church of Albano1. This rapid ascent through the Church’s ranks positioned him as a key figure in the Vatican, though many observers were still surprised by his election as pope.

The Election and First Appearance

Following the death of Pope Francis on April 21, 2025, the College of Cardinals gathered in conclave to elect a successor. On May 8, 2025, after just four ballots-one round earlier than it took to elect Pope Francis in 2013-white smoke billowed from the chimney of the Sistine Chapel, signaling that a new pope had been chosen2.

An hour later, Cardinal Prevost appeared on the central balcony of St. Peter’s Basilica as Pope Leo XIV. His first words to the crowd gathered in St. Peter’s Square were “Peace be with you all,” spoken in Italian3. This simple greeting set the tone for a papacy focused on reconciliation and unity.

In his brief initial address, Pope Leo outlined his vision: “We can be a missionary church, a church that builds bridges, that is always open to receive everyone-just like in this square, to welcome everyone, in charity, dialogue and love”3. He spoke of wanting to be “a synodal church. A church that walks, a church that always seeks peace, that always seeks charity, that always seeks to be close especially to those who suffer”14.

The Significance of the Name “Leo”

A pope’s choice of name often provides insight into his priorities and the historical models he wishes to emulate. By selecting the name Leo XIV, Prevost connected himself to a lineage of popes known for their social teaching and global outreach, particularly Leo XIII (1878-1903)6.

Leo XIII is remembered as the author of the groundbreaking encyclical Rerum Novarum, which revolutionized the Church’s approach to social issues, workers’ rights, and economic justice13. This encyclical championed fair wages, safe working conditions, and the legitimacy of trade unions at a time when industrial workers faced exploitation13. Leo XIII’s papacy was also characterized by diplomatic outreach to nations around the world and a desire for the Church to engage meaningfully with modern society13.

As theologian Anna Rowlands noted, “Pope Leo XIII is the father of Catholic social teaching. He made that the heart of his witness of the church to the world. It’s really interesting that Pope Leo XIV is going to follow in that legacy now”14. This choice of name signals Pope Leo XIV’s intention to prioritize social justice, workers’ rights, and the Church’s engagement with contemporary global challenges.

Additionally, some church historians point to the earlier Pope Leo I (440-461), remembered for his strong leadership, outreach to the world, and exceptional theological contributions13. By selecting this name, Pope Leo XIV appears to be signaling a papacy focused on both doctrinal clarity and social engagement.

Leadership Style: A Bridge Builder with a Global Vision

Based on his background and early statements, Pope Leo XIV seems poised to offer a leadership style that combines elements of continuity with Pope Francis while introducing his own distinct approach. Those who have worked with him describe him as reflective, thoughtful, and humble.

José Manuel De Urquidi, who shared a table with Prevost during the synod, characterized him as “a reflective man, a deep thinker. He never wanted to be the center of attention. He cares deeply about people-especially about the bishops from all over the world”14. This description suggests a leadership style focused on careful deliberation rather than impulsive decision-making.

His extensive experience in Peru has given him firsthand knowledge of the challenges facing the Church in the developing world. At the same time, his American background provides him with insights into the Church in the world’s wealthiest nation. This dual perspective makes him uniquely positioned to bridge divides between the Global North and South.

A Synodal and Missionary Approach

One key aspect of Pope Leo XIV’s leadership style appears to be his commitment to synodality-a collaborative approach to Church governance that emphasizes listening and discernment. In his first address, he explicitly mentioned his desire for a “synodal church,” indicating his intention to continue and perhaps deepen the synodal path initiated by Pope Francis14.

Sister Nathalie Becquart, undersecretary of the Synod of Bishops, noted that “Just listening to his first speech, where he mentioned his desire to continue to work together in a synodal church, is a sign that he is taking up this call”14. She described him as “a very balanced, serious man, who will take his time to determine how to continue the work of the synod”14.

This commitment to synodality suggests a leadership style that values consultation, dialogue, and the inclusion of diverse voices in Church decision-making. In a 2023 interview, he emphasized that “the spirit of synodality includes a need and desire to listen to not only the bishop himself, but to many people in the diocese to see how best to foster an authentic worldwide Church”17.

At the same time, Pope Leo XIV appears to bring a strong missionary focus to his papacy. His experience as a missionary in Peru has shaped his understanding of the Church’s evangelizing mission. As Urquidi observed, Leo XIV believes that “a church that is synodal and missionary is key in these times”14.

A Centrist with Progressive Tendencies

Politically and theologically, Pope Leo XIV is widely regarded as a centrist with progressive views on social issues2. He is seen as ideologically close to Pope Francis, particularly in his focus on climate change and the plight of migrants2. However, reports suggest he may be more cautious than his predecessor on LGBTQ+ issues27.

His selection of traditional papal vestments during his first appearance-in contrast to Francis’s simpler style-may indicate a more classic approach to the papacy’s symbolic elements while maintaining a progressive stance on social issues6. This balanced approach could potentially help him navigate the polarized landscape within the Church.

Anticipated Reforms and Potential Changes

While it is still early to predict specific reforms Pope Leo XIV might implement, several areas seem likely to receive particular attention based on his background and initial statements.

Environmental Stewardship and Climate Action

Pope Leo XIV has “frequently expressed concerns about environmental challenges and the climate crisis, emphasizing the importance of responsible action in addressing these global issues”11. Given his alignment with many of Pope Francis’s positions, he is likely to continue and perhaps strengthen the Church’s advocacy on environmental issues.

Pope Francis’s landmark encyclical Laudato Si’ presented care for the planet as an ethical and spiritual imperative11. Leo XIV’s experience in Peru, a country particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts, may further inform his approach to environmental stewardship. His choice of name, connecting him to Leo XIII’s social teaching tradition, suggests he may issue his own social encyclicals that address contemporary environmental challenges through the lens of Catholic social doctrine.

Social Justice and Economic Equality

Leo XIV’s namesake, Leo XIII, revolutionized the Church’s approach to workers’ rights and economic justice. The new pope’s background working in impoverished regions of Peru and his experience with marginalized communities suggests he will continue to emphasize the Church’s preferential option for the poor.

He may build upon Francis’s critiques of unbridled capitalism and economic systems that exclude the vulnerable. Given global concerns about income inequality, labor exploitation, and the future of work in an age of automation and artificial intelligence, Pope Leo XIV might offer updated Catholic social teaching that addresses these contemporary challenges.

Synodality and Church Governance

Pope Leo XIV’s explicit mention of synodality in his first address suggests this will be a central focus of his papacy. He participated in both sessions of the Synod on Synodality (October 2023 and October 2024), giving him firsthand experience with this consultative process1.

He may institutionalize synodal structures and processes that allow for greater participation of the laity in Church governance. His experience overseeing the selection of bishops as prefect of the Dicastery for Bishops could lead to reforms in how episcopal appointments are made, potentially incorporating more synodal elements into this process.

Approach to LGBTQ+ Issues

Reports suggest that Pope Leo XIV may take a more cautious approach to LGBTQ+ issues than his predecessor27. While Pope Francis made historic statements like “If someone is gay and he searches for the Lord and has good will, who am I to judge?” and approved blessings for same-sex couples, Leo XIV’s position appears more moderate7.

According to Francis DeBernardo of New Ways Ministry, “If I were to make a prediction, I would say he is unlikely to suppress LGBTQ+, but probably won’t champion it to the extent that Francis did. I don’t foresee this being a focal point of Leo’s agenda”9. This suggests continuity with existing reforms but perhaps less emphasis on further changes in this area.

Women’s Roles in the Church

Pope Francis advanced opportunities for women in the Church, notably allowing women to vote at a crucial bishops’ meeting in 2023-a reform that Prevost, as a participant, witnessed firsthand7. As pope, Leo XIV will need to address ongoing questions about women’s roles, including the contentious debate over whether women should be permitted to become deacons7.

Given his commitment to synodality and listening to diverse voices, he may continue to create pathways for greater female participation in Church leadership, though major doctrinal changes regarding women’s ordination seem unlikely in the near term.

Addressing Clergy Sexual Abuse

One of the most challenging aspects of Pope Leo XIV’s papacy will be addressing the ongoing sexual abuse crisis within the Church. His record in this area has drawn criticism from some survivor advocacy groups10.

In 2000, as Prior General of the Augustinians, Prevost allowed an Augustinian priest, James Ray-who had been suspended from public ministry since 1991 due to credible accusations of sexually abusing minors-to reside at St. John Stone Friary in Chicago1012. Although this arrangement included supervision, the friary’s proximity to a Catholic school raised concerns about child safety10.

Additionally, when Prevost was Bishop of Chiclayo, Peru, allegations emerged that he failed to properly investigate abuse cases. In 2022, three victims of clergy abuse reported their cases to civil authorities after claiming there was no progress on their canonical case under Prevost’s leadership10. The survivors alleged that he “failed to open an investigation, sent inadequate information to the Vatican, and allowed the priest to continue in ministry”10.

These past controversies may complicate his efforts to address the abuse crisis credibly. The Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests (SNAP) has called for several actions within the first three months of his pontificate, including a global truth commission, universal zero tolerance laws, international legal agreements mandating transparency, a survivor reparations fund, and a global survivors council with enforcement authority10.

How effectively Pope Leo XIV addresses these demands and demonstrates a commitment to transparency and accountability will significantly impact his papacy’s credibility on this critical issue.

Challenges and Opportunities Ahead

Pope Leo XIV faces a Catholic Church at a crossroads, with significant challenges but also opportunities for renewal and growth.

Navigating Church Divisions

The Catholic Church remains deeply divided between progressive and traditional factions. As a centrist with progressive leanings, Pope Leo XIV may be well-positioned to bridge these divides. His choice of traditional papal vestments coupled with a progressive social message suggests an attempt to appeal to both wings of the Church6.

His balanced approach could potentially reduce tensions within the Church and create space for dialogue across ideological differences. However, managing these polarized perspectives will require diplomatic skill and a willingness to engage respectfully with diverse viewpoints.

Declining Religious Participation in the West

The Church continues to face declining attendance and religious vocations in Western countries, including the United States and Europe. As the first American pope, Leo XIV brings firsthand knowledge of these challenges.

His missionary background and emphasis on evangelization suggest he may prioritize efforts to revitalize the Church in secularized societies. His commitment to making the Church “always open to receive everyone” indicates a desire to reach out to those who have drifted away from religious practice3.

Global South Growth and Influence

While the Church faces challenges in the West, it continues to grow in the Global South, particularly in Africa and parts of Asia. Pope Leo XIV’s extensive experience in Peru gives him insight into the Church’s vitality in these regions.

His global perspective and multilingual abilities position him to navigate this shifting center of gravity within Catholicism. As pope, he may continue the internationalization of Church leadership initiated by Francis, ensuring that voices from the Global South are increasingly represented in Vatican decision-making.

Humanitarian and Peacemaking Initiatives

Pope Leo XIV’s first words as pope-“Peace be with you all!”-highlighted his commitment to peace in a world marked by conflict6. His emphasis on building bridges and fostering dialogue suggests he may take an active role in international peacemaking efforts.

Given ongoing conflicts in various regions, the pope’s moral voice and diplomatic influence could be significant in promoting dialogue and reconciliation. His call for a Church that “builds bridges” indicates a desire to engage constructively with divisions, both within the Church and in broader society3.

Conclusion: A New Chapter in Church History

The election of Robert Francis Prevost as Pope Leo XIV marks a historic moment for the Catholic Church-the first American pope, with deep connections to Latin America, and the first Augustinian to lead the Church. His unique background and experiences have shaped a leader with both global vision and pastoral sensitivity.

Early indications suggest his papacy will emphasize synodality, missionary outreach, social justice, and environmental stewardship, continuing many of the priorities of Pope Francis while introducing his own distinct approach. His centrist position, with progressive leanings on social issues but a more traditional approach to certain aspects of Church life, may enable him to bridge some of the divisions that have characterized recent Catholic discourse.

However, challenges remain, particularly regarding his past handling of sexual abuse cases and the broader crisis of accountability within the Church. How effectively he addresses these issues will significantly impact his papacy’s credibility and effectiveness.

As Kim Daniels, director of the Initiative on Catholic Social Thought and Public Life at Georgetown University, observed, Pope Leo XIV is “an American with a missionary heart and a global vision-a son of Chicago who’s spent his adult life in Peru and now Rome”14. This global perspective, combined with his commitment to listening and dialogue, offers hope for a papacy that can speak meaningfully to the diverse realities of Catholics worldwide.

In his first words as pope, Leo XIV echoed both his predecessor and the Gospel itself: “God loves us, God loves you all, and evil will not prevail. We are all in God’s hands. Therefore, without fear, united hand in hand with God and each other, let us go forward”14. This message of hope and solidarity provides a fitting foundation for a papacy that seeks to navigate the complexities of the modern world while remaining faithful to the Church’s enduring mission.